Code of Federal Regulations Title 40. Protection of Environment 40 CFR Pt. 414, App. A—Non–Complexed Metal–Bearing Waste Streams and Cyanide–Bearing Waste Streams

Chromium

Methylhydroabietate/Esterification of hydroabietic acid (rosin) with methanol

Acrylic acid/Oxidation of propylene via acrolein

N–butyl alcohol/Hydrogenation of n–Butyraldehyde, Oxo process

Cyclohexanone/From phenol via cyclohexanol by hydrogenation-dehydrogenation

Fatty amines/Hydrogenation of fatty nitriles (batch)

Helioptropin/Oxidation of isosafrole, chromium catalyst

Isobutanol/Hydrogenation of isobutyraldehyde, Oxo process

Cyclohexyl Mercaptan/Cyclohexanol + Hydrogen sulfide

Ethyl Mercaptan/Ethanol + Hydrogen sulfide

Methanol/H.P. Synthesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Oxo Alcohols, C7–C11/Carbonation & hydrogenation of C6–C10 Olefins

Polyoxypropylene diamine/Polypropylene glycol + Ammonia

n–Propyl alcohol/Hydrogenation of propionaldehyde, Oxo process

SAN resin/Suspension polymerization

Styrene/Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene

Styrene/Dehydration of methyl benzyl alcohol (coproduct of propylene oxide)

1–Tetralol, 1–Tetralone mix/Oxidation of tetralin (1,2,3,4–Tetrahydronaphthalene)

3,3,3–Trifluoropropene/Catalyzed hydrogen fluoride exchange with chlorinated propane

Vinyl toluene/Dehydrogenation (thermal) of ethyltoluene

Copper

Methylhydroabietate/Esterification of hydroabietic acid (rosin) with methanol

Acetaldehyde/Oxidation of ethylene with cupric chloride catalyst

Acetic acid/Catalytic oxidation of butane

Acetone/Dehydrogenation of isopropanol

Acrylamide/Catalytic hydration of acrylonitrile

Acrylic acid/Oxidation of propylene via acrolein

Acrylonitrile/Propylene ammoxidation

Adipic acid/Oxidation of cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone mixture

Adipic acid/Oxidation of cyclohexane via cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone mixture

Allynitrile/Allychloride + sodium cyanide

Aniline/Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene

Benzofurans, 2,3–Dihydro–2,2–dimethyl–7–benzofuranol/from o–Nitrophenol + Methallyl chloride

n–Butyl alcohol/Hydrogenation of n–Butyraldehyde, Oxo process

1,4–Butanediol/Hydrogenation of 1,4–butynediol

Butryolactone/Dehydrogenation of 1,4–butanediol

Caprolactam/From cyclohexane via cyclohexanone and its oxime

Lilian (hydroxydihydrocitronellal)/Hydration and oxidation of citronellol

1,2–Dichloroethane/Oxyhydrochlorination of ethylene

Dialkyldithiocarbamates, metal salts/Dialkylamines + carbon disulfide

2–Ethylhexanol/from n–Butyraldehyde by Aldo condensation and hydrogenation

Fatty amines/Hydrogenation of fatty nitriles (batch)

Geraniol/B–Myrcene + Hydrogen chloride, esterification of geranyl chloride, hydrolysis of geranyl acetate

Furfuryl alcohol/Hydrogenation of furfural

Geranial (Citral)/Oxidation of geraniol (copper catalyst)

Glyoxal/Oxidation of ethylene glycol

Isobutanol/Hydrogenation of isobutyraldehyde, Oxo process

Isopropanol/Catalytic hydrogenation of acetone

2–Mercaptobenzothiazoles, copper salt/2–Mercaptobenzothiazole + copper salt

Methanol/High pressure synthesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Methanol/Low pressure synthesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Methyl ethyl ketone/Dehydrogenation of sec–Butanol

Oxo alcohols, C7–C11/Carbonation & hydrogenation of C6–C10 olefins

Phenol/Liquid phase oxidation of benzoic acid

Polyoxyalkylene amines/Polyoxyalkylene glycol + ammonia

Polyphenylene oxide/Solution polymerization of 2,6–xylenol by oxidative coupling (cuprous salt catalyst)

Polyoxypropylene diamine/Polypropylene glycol + Ammonia

Quinaldine (dye intermediate)/Skraup reaction of aniline + crotonaldehyde

Silicones, silicone fluids/Hydrolysis and condensation of chlorosilanes

Silicones, silicone rubbers/Hydrolysis and condensation of chlorosilanes

Silicones, silicone specialties (grease, dispersion agents, defoamers & other products)

Silicones:  Silicone resins/Hydrolysis & condensation of methyl, phenyl & vinyl chlorosilanes

Silicones:  Silicone fluids/Hydrolysis of chlorosilanes to acyclic & cyclic organosiloxanes

Styrene/Dehydration of a–Methylbenzyl alcohol (coproduct of propylene oxide)

Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)/Oxyhydrochlorination of tetrachloroethane

Tris(anilino)s-triazine/Cyanuric chloride + aniline + cogeners

Trichloroethylene/Oxyhydrochlorination of tetrachloroethane

Unsaturated polyester resin/Reaction of maleic anhydride + phthalic anhydride + propylene glycol polyester with styrene or methyl methacrylate

Lead

Alkyd resin/Condensation polymerization

Alkyd resins/Condensation polymerization of phthalic anhydride + glycerin + vegetable oil esters

Dialkydithiocarbamates, metal salts/Dialkylamines + carbon disulfide

Thiuram (dimethyldithiocarbamate) hexasulfide/Dimethyldithiocarbamate + sulfur

Triphenylmethane dyes (methyl violet)/Condensation of Formaldehyde + N–Methylaniline + N,N–dimethylaniline, oxidation of reaction product

4,4′–Bis–(N,N–dimethylaniline) carbinol, Michler's hydrol/Oxidation of 4,4′–Methylene–bis(N,N–dimethylaniline) with lead oxide

Naphthenic acid salts

Stearic acid, metal salts/Neutralization with a metallic base

Nickel

Acetates, 7,11–Hexadecadien–1–ol (gossyplure)/Coupling reactions, low pressure hydrogenation, esterification

Acetates, 9–dodecen–1–ol (pheromone)/Coupling reactions, low pressure hydrogenation, esterification

Acrylic acid/oxidation of propylene via acrolein

Acrylonitrile/Propylene ammoxidation

n-Alkanes/Hydrogenation of C6–C22 alpha olefins (ethylene oligomers)

Adiponitrile/Direct cyanation of butadiene

Alkyl amines/Amination of alcohols

4–Aminoacetanilide/Hydrogenation of 4–Nitroacetanilide

BTX/Hydrogenation of olefins (cyclohexenes)

Terphenyls, hydrogenated/Nickel catalyst, hydrogenation of terphenyl

Bisphenol–A, hydrogenated (Biscyclohexanol–A)/Hydrogenation of Bisphenol–A

Butadiene (1,3)/Extractive distillation of C–4 pyrolyzates

n–Butanol/Hydrogenation of n–Butyraldehyde, Oxo process

1,3–Butylene glycol/Hydrogenation of acetaldol

1,4–Butanediol/Hydrogenation of 1,4–butynediol

Butylenes (mixed)/Distillation of C4 pyrolyzates

4–Chloro–2–aminophenol/Hydrogenation of 4–Chloro–2–nitrophenol

Lilial (hydroxydihydrocitronellal)/Hydration and oxidation of citronellol

Cycloparaffins/Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatics in kerosene solvent

Cyclohexanol/Hydrogenation of phenol, distillation

Cyclohexanone/From phenol via cyclohexanol by hydrogenation-dehydrogenation

Dialkyldithiocarbamates, metal salts/Dialkylamines + carbon disulfide

Ethylamine/Reductive amination of ethanol

Ethylamines (mono, di, tri)/Reductive amination (ammonia + hydrogen) of ethanol

Isoeugenol, high % trans/Separation of mixed cis & trans isoeugenols

2–Ethylhexanol/from n–Butyraldehyde by Aldol condensation and hydrogenation

Fatty acids, hydrogenated/tallow & coco acids + Hydrogen

Fatty amines/Hydrogenation of fatty nitriles (batch)

Fatty amines/Hydrogenation of tallow & coco nitriles

Glyoxal–urea formaldehyde textile resin/condensation to N–bis(hydroxymethyl) ureas & N,N'–(dihydroxyethyl) ureas

11–hexadecenal/Coupling rxns, low pressure hydrogenation

Hexahydrophthalic anhydride/Condensation of butadiene & maleic anhydride (Diels–Alder reaction) + hydrogenation

Isobutanol/Hydrogenation of isobutyraldehyde, Oxo process

Diisobutyl amine/Ammonolysis of isobutanol

Isopropyl amines (mono, di)/Reductive ammination (Ammonia + Hydrogen) of isopropanol

Linalool/Pyrolysis of 2–Pinanol

Methanol/High pressure synthesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Methanol/Low pressure synthesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Methanol/Butane oxidation

Tris–(hydroxymethyl) methyl amine/Hydrogenation of tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane

N–Methyl morpholine/Morpholine + Methanol

N–Ethyl morpholine/Morpholine + Ethanol

2–Methyl–7,8–epoxy octadecane/Coupling reactions, low pressure hydrogenation, epoxidation

Alpha–Olefins/Ethylene oligomer, & Zeigler Cat.

Petroleum hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated/Hydrogenation of petroleum hydrocarbon resin products

Pinane/Hydrogenation of A–Pinene

2–Pinanol/Reduction of pinane hydroperoxide

Bis–(p–Octylphenol) sulfide, Nickel salt/p–Octylphenol + sulfur chloride (S2C12), neutralize with Nickel base

Piperazine/Reductive amination of ethanol amine (ammonia & hydrogenation, metal catalyst)

N,N–Dimethylpiperazine/Condensation piperazine + formaldehyde, hydrogenation

Polyoxylalkylene amines/Polyoxyalkylene glycol + Ammonia

Polyoxypropylene diamine/Polypropylene glycol + Ammonia

2–Amino–2–methyl–1–propanol/Hydrogenation of 2–Nitro 2–methyl–1–propanol

3–Methoxypropyl amine/Reductive amination of acrylamide with methanol & hydrogen

N–Propylamine/Reductive ammination (ammonia + hydrogen) of n-propanol

Sorbitol/Hydrogenation of sugars

Sulfolane/Condensation butadiene + sulfur dioxide, Hydrogenation

Thionocarbamates,N–Ethyl-o-isopropyl/Isopropyl xanthate + Ethylamine

Toluene diamine (mixture)/Catalytic hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene

Methylated urea-formaldehyde resins (textile)/Methylation of urea-formaldehyde adduct

Methylated urea-formaldehyde glyoxol (textile resin)/Reaction of methylated urea-formaldehyde + glyoxal

Zinc

Methylhydroabietate, diels-alder adducts/Derivatives of abietic esters from rosin

Acrylic resins/Emulsion or solution polymerization to coatings

Acrylic resins (latex)/Emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile with polybutadiene

Acrylic fibers (85% polyacrylonitrile) by solution polymerization/Wet spinning

Alkyd Resins/Condensation polymerization of phthalic anhydride + glycerin + vegetable oil esters

Benzene/By-product of styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation

Benzene/By-product of vinyl toluene (from ethyltoluene)

n-butyl alcohol/Hydrogenation of n-Butyraldehyde, Oxo process

Coumarin (benz-a-pyrone)/Salicylaldehyde, Oxo process

Cycloparaffins/Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatics in kerosene solvent

Dithiocarbamates, zinc salt/Reaction of zinc oxide + Sodium dithiocarbamates

Dialkyldithiocarbamates, metal salts/Diakylamines + Carbon disulfide

Dithiocarbamates, metal salts/Dithiocarbamic acid + metal oxide

Thiuram (dimethyldithiocarbamate) hexasulfide/Dimethyldithiocarbamate + sulfur

Fluorescent brighteners/Coumarin based

Ethyl acetate/Redox reaction (Tschenko) of acetaldehyde

Ethylbenzene/Benzene alkylation in liquid phase

Ethylbenzyl chloride/Chloromethylation (Hydrogen chloride + formaldehyde, zinc chloride) of ethylbenzene

2–Ethyl hexanol/Aldol condensation-hydrogenation of n–Butyraldehyde

Glyoxal–urea formaldehyde textile resin/Condensation to N–bis (hydroxymethyl) ureas + N,N'–(Dihydroxyethyl) ureas

Isobutanol/Hydrogenation of isobutyraldehyde, Oxo process

Isopropanol/Catalytic hydrogenation of acetone

Methallylidene diacetate/Condensation of 2–Methypropenal + acetic anhydride

Methanol/Low pressure sythesis from natural gas via synthetic gas

Methyl chloride/Hydrochlorination of methanol

Methylethyl ketone/Dehydrogenation of sec–Butanol

Naphthenic acid salts

Nylon

Nylon 6 & 66 copolymers/Polycondensation of Nylon salt + Caprolatam

Nylon 6 fiber/Extrusion (melt spinning)

Oxo alcohols, C12–C15/Hydroformylation & hydrogenation of C11–C14 olefins

Phenolic urethan resins/Phenol + excess formaldehyde + Methylene aniline diisocyanate

Polystyrene (crystal) modified/Polystyrene + sulfonation, chloromethylation and/or amination

Rayon/Viscose process

SAN resin/Emulsion polymerization

Silicones:  Silicone rubbers/Hydrolysis and condensation of chlorosilanes

Silicones:  Silicone specialties (grease, dispersion agents, defoamers & other products)

Silicones:  Silicone resins/Hydrolysis & condensation of methyl, phenyl & vinyl chlorosilanes

Silicones:  Silicone fluids/Hydrolysis of chlorosilanes to acyclic & cyclic organosiloxanes

Stearic acid, metal salts/Neutralization with a metallic base

Styrene/Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene

Styrene-butadiene resin/Emulsion polymerization

Vinyl acetate/Reduction of acetylene + acetic acid

Vinyl toluene/Dehydrogenation (thermal) of ethyltoluene

Xylenes, mixed/By-product vinyl toluene (from ethyltoluene)

Cyanide

Acetone cyanohydrin/Acetone + Hydrogen cyanide

Acetonitrile/By-product of acrylonitrile from propylene by ammoxidation

Acrylic resins/Solution polymerization

Acrylic fiber (85% acrylonitrile)/Suspension polymerization, and wet spinning

Acrylic fiber (85% acrylonitrile)/Solution polymerization, and wet spinning

Acrylonitrile/Ammoxidation of propylene

Adiponitrile/Butadiene + Hydrogen cyanide (direct cyanation)

Allylnitrile/Allyl chloride + Sodium cyanide

Dimethoxybenzaldehyde/Hydroquinone dimethyl ether + Hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis

Benzyl cyanide/Benzyl chloride + Sodium cyanide

Coal tar products/Distillation of coal tar condensate

Cyanoacetic acid/Chloracetic acid + sodium cyanide

Cyanuric chloride/Catalyzed trimerization of cyanogen chloride

Vat dyes, Indigo paste as Vat Blue 1/Sodamide + potassium N–Phenylglycine, fused with caustic/N–phenylglycine + Aniline + Formaldehyde + Sodium bisulfite, sodium cyanide, hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide

Disperse dyes, Azo and Vat

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid/Ethylenediamine + Formaldehyde + Sodium cyanide

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid/Diethylenetriamine + Formaldehyde + Sodium cyanide

N,N'–bis(o–Acetamidophenol)ethylenediamine, ferric complex/Salicyladehyde + Ethylenediamine + Hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis to amide

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, pentasodium salt/Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acide + caustic

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, metal salts/Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid + metal bases

Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid, trisodium salt/Ethylenediamine + Ethylene oxide + Formaldehyde + Sodium cyanide, hydrolysis

5,5–Dimethyl hyantoin/Acetone + ammonia + carbon dioxide + hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide/By-product of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene

Iminodiacetic acid/Hexamethylene tetraamine + Hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of iminoacetonitrile salt

Methionine/Acrolein + Methyl mercaptan, with hydrogen cyanide and ammonium carbonate

Nitrilotriacetic acid/Hexamethylene tetraamine + Hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of nitrilotriacetonitrile salt

Picolines, mixed/Condensation of acetaldehyde + formaldehyde + ammonia

Organic pigments, Azo/Diazotization of aniline cogener, coupling to B–Napthol

Pyrimidines,2–Isopropyl–4–methoxy–/Isobutyronitrile + methanol, ammonia and methylacetoacetate (ring closure)

Pyridine (synthetic)/Condensation of acetaldehyde + ammonia + formaldehyde

Cyanopyridine/Ammoxidation of picoline

Sarcosine (N–Methyl glycine), sodium salt/Hexamethylene tetraamine + Sodium cyanide, hydrolysis

Thiophene acetic acid/Chloromethylation (Hydrogen chloride + Formaldehyde) + Sodium cyanide, hydrolysis

Tris(anilino)S–triazine/Cyanuric chloride + Aniline and its cogeners

Triethylorthoformate/Ethanol + Hydrogen cyanide

Trimethylorthoformate/Methanol + Hydrogen cyanide